Sub-Saharan Africa
General Sources for Sub-Saharan Africa | Botswana | Burkina Faso | Burundi | Cameroon | Djibouti | Equatorial Guinea | Eritrea | Ethiopia | Ghana | Kenya | Lesotho | Liberia | Malawi | Mali | Mozambique | Namibia | Niger | Rwanda South Africa | Sudan | Tanzania | Uganda
General Sources for Sub-Saharan Africa
Benyin, C. 2003. ‘Women on War: Give Us 30 Per cent of Parliamentary Seats’, Public Agenda (Accra), 5 September.
Centre for Legislative Development, www.cld.org
Diop, A.D. 2002. ‘Les quotas en Africa francophone: Des débuts
modestes’, in J. Ballington and M. Protais (eds) Les Femmes
au parlement: Au Delà du Nombre, Stockholm: International
IDEA, pp. 133–42. Online. Available at:
http://www.idea.int
Duri, Perkins F. 1999. ‘Women in the Shadow of Politics.’ WomanPlus 6. No. 3. p. 24.
Election World, www.electionworld.org
Electoral Institute of Southern Africa. www.eisa.org.za
Freedom House. http://www.freedomhouse.org.
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) http://www.ipu.org>.
Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1997. Democracy Still in the Making: A World Comparative Study. Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union.
International Foundation for Election Systems, www.ifes.org
Isa, F. 2001 ‘Al-Mashakalat al-Lati Tawajaha al-Mara al-Sudaniya fi al-Masharaka al-Siyasia’, in H. Abdul Rahman (ed.) Political Participation of Women in North Africa, Cairo: Center of Future African Studies, p. 6.
Isis International-Manila, www.isiswomen.org
Jabre, K. ‘Enhancing the Role of Women in Electoral Processes
in Post-conflict Countries’, Inter-Parliamentary Union, paper
prepared for Expert Group Meeting on ‘Enhancing Women’s
Participation in Electoral Processes in Post-
Conflict Countries’, Glen Cove, New York, January 2004.
Lowe-Morna, C. 2003. ‘The quota debate rages on’, Amalungelo: A Bi-Monthly Journal for Gender Justice in Southern Africa, 2: 39–40.
Lowe-Morna, C. (ed.) 2004. Ringing Up the Changes: Gender in Southern African Politics, Johannesburg: Gender Links.
Mashingaidze, Dumisani. 1999. ‘A Quota System for Women?’ WomanPlus. 6. No. 3. p. 20.
Mutume, G. 2004. ‘Women break into African politics: Quota Systems Allow More Women to Gain Elected Office’, Africa Recovery, 18, 1: 4.
Ondego, O. 1997. ‘Obstacles to women’s political empowerment’, GENDEReview – Kenya’s Women and Development Quarterly, 4, 2: 5–6.
Reynolds, Andrew. 1999. Women in African Legislatures and Executives: The Slow Climb to Power. Auckland Park: Electoral Institute of South Africa (occasional paper).
Sakho, A. 2002. ‘Les femmes représenteront 30 pour cent
des candidates de 13
partis aux elections locales’, Interpress Service News Agency,
14 April.
Socialist International Women. ‘The Quota System’, www.socintwomen.org.uk/QUOTA/QUOTA Eng1.html
The Center for Public Education and Information on Polygamy, www.polygamyinfo.com
The Netherlands Institute for South Africa, www.niza.nl
Tripp, A. et al. 2006. ‘Sub-Saharan Africa: On the Fast Track to Women’s Political Representation’, in Dahlerup, D. (ed.) Women, Quotas and Politics, London/New York: Routledge, pp. 112-137.
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, www.uneca.org
Women's Environment & Development Organization, www.wedo.org
Yoon, Mi Yung. 2001. ‘Democratization and Women's Legislative Representation in Sub-Saharan Africa.’ Democratization. Vol. 8, no. 2: 169-190.
Botswana
Botswana Parliament website, http://www.gov.bw/government/the_parliament.html
Frankson, J.R. (ed). 2001. The First Step: Getting in the Door, New York: WEDO.
Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1997. Democracy Still in the Making: A World Comparative Study, Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Kethusegile, B. et al. 2000. Beyond Inequalities: Women in Southern Africa. Harare: SARDC.
Lowe-Morna, C. 2000. ‘Strategies for Increasing Women's Participation in Politics.’Paper presented to the Fifth Meeting of Commonwealth Ministers Responsible for Women's Affairs.
Mashingaidze, D. 1999. ‘A Quota System for Women?’ WomanPlus 6. No. 3: 20.
Somolekae, G. 1998. The Various Systems of Party Primary Elections in Botswana. Paper presented to the National Conference on Women Preparing to Stand for the Primaries in Botswana, Botswana.
Burkina
Faso
Burkina Faso Parliament website, http://www.an.bf/
Compaoré, Nestorine. 2002. ‘Le recrutement de femmes pour les élections legislatives au Burkina Faso’, in International IDEA. Les Femmes au parlement : Au-Delà du Nombre (Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers. Stockholm, Sweden: International IDEA.
Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1997a. Democracy Still in the Making: A World Comparative Study. Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1997b. Towards Partnership Between Men and Women in Politics. Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Reynolds, Andrew. 1999. Women in African Legislatures and Executives: The Slow Climb to Power. Johannesburg: Electoral Institute of South Africa.
Tamale, S. 1999. When Hens Begin to Crow: Gender and Parliamentary Politics in Uganda. Colorado: Westview Press.
Tiendrébéogo-Kaboret, Alice. 2002. ‘Burkina Faso: Les obstacles á la participation des femmes au parlement’, in International IDEA. Les Femmes au parlement : Au-Delà du Nombre (Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers). Stockholm, Sweden: International IDEA.
Yoon, M.Y. 2001. ‘Democratization and Women's Legislative Representation in Sub-Saharan Africa’, in Democratization, Vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 169–190.
Burundi
United Nations, ‘Burundi and Women’s Political Participation – the Role of Onub’, http://www.un.org/africa/osaa/reports/Burundi%20and%20Women's%20Political%20Participation.pdf
Cameroon
Adams, M. 2003. ‘Cameroon’, in A.M. Tripp (ed.) The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Women’s Issues Worldwide: Sub-Saharan Africa, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, pp. 82–107.
Cameroon Parliament website, http://www.assemblee-nationale.cm/
Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1997. Towards Partnership Between Men and Women in Politics. Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1997. Democracy Still in the Making: A World Comparative Study. Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Yoon, M.Y. 2001. ‘Democratization and Women's Legislative Representation in Sub-Saharan Africa’ in Democratization, Vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 169–190.
Djibouti
Agence Djiboutienne d’information, www.adi.dj
Djibouti Parliament website, http://www.presidence.dj/assemblee.htm
Union pour la Majorite Presidentielle, www.ump.dj
Equatorial
Guinea
Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1997. Democracy Still in the Making: A World Comparative Study. Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Reynolds, Andrew. 1999. Women in African Legislatures and Executives: The Slow Climb to Power. Johannesburg: Electoral Institute of South Africa.
Yoon, M.Y. 2001. ‘Democratization and Women's Legislative Representation in Sub-Saharan Africa’, in Democratization, Vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 169–190.
Eritrea
Connell, D. 1998. ‘Strategies for Change: Women and Politics in Eritrea and South Africa’, in Review of African Political Economy, No. 76, pp. 189-206.
Leisure, S. 1999. ‘Exchanging Participation for Promises: Mobilization of Women in Eritrea’, in Jill M Bystydzienski and Joti Sekhon (eds) Democratization and Women's Grassroots Movements, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Lowe-Morna, C. 2000. ‘Strategies for Increasing Women's Participation in Politics’, paper presented to the Fifth Meeting of Commonwealth Ministers Responsible for Women's Affairs.
Ethiopia
Ethiopian Parliament website, http://ethiopar.net/
Ghana
Ghana Parliament website, http://www.parliament.gh/
Harvey, W. 1966. Law and Social Change in Ghana. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Khan, F. 1999. ‘Politics-Africa: The “First Lady Syndrome.”’ Interpress Service, November 25.
Tamale, S. 1999. When Hens Begin to Crow: Gender and Parliamentary Politics in Uganda. Colorado: Westview Press.
United Nations Department of Public Information. 2000. Women in Power and Decision-Making. Fact Sheet No. 7. New York: United Nations.
Kenya
Duri, P.F. 1999. ‘Women in the Shadow of Politics’, WomanPlus, 6, No.3, p. 24.
Frankson, J.R. (ed.). 2001. The First Step: Getting in the Door. New York: WEDO.
House-Midamba, B. 1996. ‘Gender, Democratization, and Associational Life in Kenya’, Africa Today, Vol. 43, No. 3: pp. 289-305.
Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1997. Democracy Still in the Making: A World Comparative Study. Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Kabebari-Macharia, J. 1997. ‘Asserting the Right to Political Decision-making’, GENDEReview – Kenya's Women and Development Quarterly 4. No. 1. p. 13-14.
Kenya Parliament website, http://www.parliament.go.ke/
Ondego, O. 1997. ‘Obstacles to women's empowerment’, GENDEReview – Kenya's Women and Development Quarterly 4, No. 2: 5-6.
The Constitution of Kenya Review Commission, www.kenyaconstitution.org/docs/03cd005.htm
Lesotho
Lesotho Parliament website, http://www.parliament.ls/home/
Liberia
Liberia Elections Commission, http://www.necliberia.org/
Malawi
Malawi Parliament website,
http://www.malawi.gov.mw/Members%20of%20Parliament2/parliament.htm
Mali
National Democratic Institute (n.d.) ‘Women in Malian Politics’. Online. Available at: http://www.ndi.org/globalp/women/onepagers/mali_tif.pdf
Mozambique
Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1997. Democracy Still in the Making: A World Comparative Study. Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Jacobson, R. 1996. ‘Genderand Democratisation: The Mozambican Election of 1994’, Internet Journal of African Studies, No.1.
Kethusegile, B. et al. 2000. Beyond Inequalities: Women in Southern Africa. Harare: SARDC.
Lowe-Morna, C. 2000. ‘Strategies for Increasing Women's Participation in Politics’, paper presented to the Fifth Meeting of Commonwealth Ministers Responsible for Women's Affairs.
Yoon, Mi Yung. 2001. ‘Democratization and Women's Legislative Representation in Sub-Saharan Africa’, Democratization. Vol. 8, no. 2. pp. 169-190.
Namibia
Amupadhi, Tangeni and Max Hamata. 2002. ‘President Forced to Drop Women's Quota’, The Namibian, August 27. www.namibian.com.na/2002/august/news/027EBE428C.html.
Bauer, G. 2004. ‘ “The Hand That Stirs the Pot Can Also Run the Country”: Electing More Women to Parliament in Namibia’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 42, 4: 479–509.
Becker, H. 2000. ‘Striving for change: The struggle for gender equality in Namibia’, in E. Iipinge and M. Williams (eds) Gender and Development, Windhoek: University of Namibia and UNDP, pp. 30–47.
Frank, Liz. 1999. ‘Women in Politics and Decision Making in Namibia’, Sister Namibia. 11. No. 2. p. 14.
Frank, Liz. 2000a. ‘Achieving Gender Balance in Politics’, Sister Namibia 12. nos. 3-4. pp. 7-9.
Frank, Liz. 2000b. ’Namibia’, in Joana S. Foster & Stella T (eds) Women in Politics & Decision-Making: A Gendered Political Analysis. pp. 64-94.
Frank, Liz. 2001. ‘Where there is Political Will, there is a way’, Sister Namibia 13. nos. 5-6, p. 6.
Hubbard, D. ‘50/50 Options for Namibia’, prepared by Legal Assistance Southern African Politics’ Centre for the Namibian Women’s Manifesto Network, June 2001.
Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1997. Democracy Still in the Making: A World Comparative Study. Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Kethusegile, B. et al. 2000. Beyond Inequalities: Women in Southern Africa. Harare: SARDC.
Lowe-Morna, C. 2000. ‘Strategies for Increasing Women's Participation in Politics’, Paper presented to the Fifth Meeting of Commonwealth Ministers Responsible for Women's Affairs.
Namibian Parliament website, http://www.parliament.gov.na/
Reynolds, Andrew. 1999. Women in African Legislatures and Executives: The Slow Climb to Power. Johannesburg: Electoral Institute of South Africa.
Yoon, Mi Yung. 2001. ‘Democratization and Women's Legislative Representation in Sub-Saharan Africa’, Democratization. Vol. 8, no. 2: 169-190.
Niger
Niger Parliament website, http://www.assemblee.ne/
Yoon, Mi Yung. 2001. ‘Democratization and Women's Legislative Representation in Sub-Saharan Africa’, Democratization. Vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 169-190.
Rwanda
Powley, E. ‘Strengthening Governance: The Role of Women in Rwanda’s Transition’, paper presented at the Women Waging Peace Policy Commission, September 2003.
South
Africa
Ballington, J. 1998. ‘Women's Parliamentary Representation: The Effects of List PR’, Politikon, Vol. 25, No. 2, December.
Ballington, J. 1999. The Participation of Women in South Africa's First Democratic Election: Lessons From the Past and Recommendations for the Future. Auckland Park: Electoral Institute of South Africa (occasional paper).
Ballington, J. 2002. ‘Political Parties, Gender Equality and Elections in South Africa’, in Glenda Fick, Sheila Meintjes and Mary Simons (eds), One Woman One Vote: The Gender Politics of South African Elections. EISA: Johannesburg.
Hassim, Shireen. 2003. ‘Representation, Participation and Democratic Effectiveness: Feminist Challenges to Representative Democracy in South Africa’, in Anne Marie Goetz and Shireen Hassim (eds) No Shortcuts to Power: African Women in Politics. London: Zed Books.
Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1997. Democracy Still in the Making: A World Comparative Study. Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Kethusegile, B. et al. 2000. Beyond Inequalities: Women in Southern Africa. Harare: SARDC.
Khan, F. 2000. ‘Politics-South Africa: Number of Women Candidates Increases’, Interpress Service, December 1.
Longwe, S. H. 2000. ‘Towards Realistic Strategies for Women's Political Empowerment in Africa’, in Women and Leadership. Caroline Sweetman (ed.). Oxford: Oxfam. pp. 24-30.
Lowe-Morna, C. 2000. ‘Strategies for Increasing Women's Participation in Politics’, paper presented to the Fifth Meeting of Commonwealth Ministers Responsible for Women's Affairs.
Molokomme 2000. ‘Building Inclusiveness in SADC's Democratic Systems: The Case of Women's Representation in Leadership Positions’, in Report of the SADC Elections Forum, June 2001, EISA.
Msimang, S. 2000. ‘Affirmative Action in the New South Africa: The Politics of Representation, Law and Equity’, Women in Action, no. 1. p. 36.
Mutume, G. 1997. ‘South Africa-Human Rights: Quotas for Women Under Scrutiny’, Interpress Service, September 26.
South Africa Parliament website, http://www.parliament.gov.za
Yoon, M.Y. 2001. ‘Democratization and Women's Legislative Representation in Sub-Saharan Africa’, in Democratization 8, no. 2. p. 169-190.
Sudan
ESPAC. 2002. ‘Women in Sudan’, ShiaNews.com, July 19. www.shianews.com/hi/articles/politics/0000270.php.
Sudan Parliament website, http://sudan-parliament.org/test/index.php
Tanzania
Duri, P. F. 1999. ‘Women in the Shadow of Politics’, WomanPlus 6, no. 3. p. 24.
Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1997. Democracy Still in the Making: A World Comparative Study. Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Julie Ballington, Vicky da Silva & David Pottie. 2001. Tanzania Gender Observer Mission Report. Johannesburg: Electoral Institute of Southern Africa.
Kabebari-Macharia, J. 1997. "Asserting the Right to Political Decision-making." GENDEReview – Kenya's Women and Development Quarterly 4, no. 1. pp. 13-14.
Killian, B. 1996. ‘A Policy of Parliamentary Special Seats for Women in Tanzania: Its Effectiveness’, Ufahamu 24, nos. 2-3. pp. 21-22.
Lowe-Morna, C. 2000. ‘Strategies for Increasing Women's Participation in Politics’, Presented to the Fifth Meeting of Commonwealth Ministers Responsible for Women's Affairs.
Massoi, A. 1999. ‘Working to Increase the number of Tanzanian Women in Government’, Femnet News 8, no. 2. p. 7.
Tanzania Parliament website, http://www.parliament.go.tz/bunge/index.asp
Temu, Fortunata and Sherbanu Kassim. 2001. Women and elections in Tanzania. http://tanzania.fes-international.de/doc/wr-elections.pdf
Yoon, M.Y. 2001. ‘Democratization and Women's Legislative Representation in Sub-Saharan Africa’ in Democratization . Vol. 8, no.2, pp. 169-190.
Uganda
Butegwa, Florence. 1999. ‘Building Women's Capacity to Participate in Governance’, paper presented at the Capacity Building North and South Links and Lessons Conference, July 1-3.
Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1997. Democracy Still in the Making: A World Comparative Study. Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Kabebari-Macharia, J. 1997. ‘Asserting the Right to Political Decision-making’, GENDEReview – Kenya's Women and Development Quarterly. 4. no. 1: 13-14.
Kalebbo, G. D. 1996. ‘How to Make it to Parliament’, Women's Vision, April 30.
Longwe, S. H. 2000. ‘Towards Realistic Strategies for Women's Political Empowerment in Africa’, in Women and Leadership, Caroline Sweetman (ed.). Oxford: Oxfam. pp. 24-30.
Tamale, S. 1999. When Hens Begin to Crow: Gender and Parliamentary Politics in Uganda. Boulder: Westview Press.
Tamale, S. 2000. ‘”Point of order, Mr Speaker”: African women claiming their space in parliament’, in Caroline Sweetman (ed.) Women and Leadership, Oxford: Oxfam. pp. 24-30.
Tripp, A.M. 2000. Women & Politics in Uganda, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press; Oxford: James Currey and Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
Uganda Parliament website, http://www.parliament.go.ug/