Global Database of Quotas for Women

A joint project of
International IDEA and Stockholm University

Western Europe

General sources Western Europe

Agacinski, S. 2001. Parity of the Sexes, trans. L. Walsh, New York: Columbia University Press.

Andersen, K. 1975. ‘Working Women and Political Participation, 1952–1972’,
American Journal of Political Science, 19: 439–55.

Bergqvist, C. 1995. ‘The Declining corporatist state and the political gender dimension’, in L. Karvonen and P. Selle (eds) Women in Nordic Politics: Closing the Gap, Aldershot: Dartmouth, pp. 205–28.

Bergqvist, C. et al. (eds) 1999. Equal Democracies? Gender and Politics in the Nordic
Countries, Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.

Castles, F.G. and Sainsbury, D. 1990. ‘Politics in Scandinavia’, in R.C. Macridis (ed.) Modern Political Systems: Europe, 7th edn, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, pp. 281–327.

Dahlerup, D. 1988a. ‘From a Small to a Large Minority: Women in Scandinavian Politics’, Scandinavian Political Studies, 11, 4: 275–98.

Dahlerup, D. 1988b. Vi har ventet længe nok – håndbog i kvinderepræsentation, Copenhagen: Nordisk Ministerråd.

Dahlerup, D. 1998b. ‘Using Quotas to Increase Women’s Political Representation’, in A. Karam (ed.) Women in Parliament. Beyond Numbers, Stockholm: International IDEA, pp. 91–106.

Dahlerup, D. 2004. ‘Continuity and Waves in the Feminist Movement – A Challenge to Social Movement Theory’, in H. Römer Christensen, B. Halsaa and A. Saarinen (eds) Crossing Borders: Remapping Women’s Movements at the Turn of the 21st Century, Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark, pp. 59–78.

Dahlerup, D. and Freidenvall, L. ‘Quotas as a ‘Fast Track’ to Equal Political Representation for Women: Why Scandinavia is No Longer the Model’, paper presented at the 19th International Political Science Association World Congress, Durban, South Africa, June–July 2003.

Dahlerup, D. and Freidenvall, L. 2005. ‘Quotas as a Fast Track to Equal Representation for Women’, International Feminist Journal of Politics, 7, 1: 1–22.

Esping-Andersen, G. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Princeton NJ:
Princeton University Press.

Freedman, J. 2000. A Room at a Time: How Women Entered Party Politics, New York:
Rowman & Littlefield.

Freidenvall, L. et al. 2006. ‘The Nordic Countries: An incremental model’, in Dahlerup, D. (ed.) Women, Quotas and Politics, London/New York: Routledge, pp. 55-82.

Gelb, J. 1989. Feminism and Politics: A Comparative Perspective, Berkeley: University
of California Press.

Gomard, K. and Krogstad, A. (eds) 2001. Instead of the Ideal Debate. Doing Politics
and Doing Gender in Nordic Political Campaign Discourse, Gylling: Aarhus University
Press.

Giraud, I. and Jenson, J. 2001. ‘Constitutionalising Equal Access: High Hopes, Dashed Hopes?’, in J. Klausen and C.S. Maier (eds) Has Liberalism Failed Women? Assuring Equal Representation in Europe and the United States, New York: Palgrave, pp. 69–88.

Haavio-Mannila, E. et al. (eds) 1985. Unfinished Democracy: Women in Nordic Politics, New York: Pergamon.

Hernes, H. 1987. Welfare State and Women Power: Essays in State Feminism, Oslo: Norwegian University Press.

Htun, M. 2004. ‘Is Gender Like Ethnicity? The Political Representation of Identity Groups’, Perspectives on Politics, 2, 3: 439–58.

Inhetveen, K. 1999. ‘Can Gender Equality be Institutionalised? The Role of Launching Values in Institutional Innovation’, International Sociology, 14, 4: 403–42.

International Parliamentary Union (IPU), www.ipu.org

Kaiser, P. 2001. Strategic Predictors of Women’s Parliamentary Participation: A Comparative Study of Twenty-Three Democracies, PhD dissertation, Los Angeles: University of California.

Klausen, J. and Maier, C.S. (eds) 2001. Has Liberalism Failed Women? Assuring Equal Representation in Europe and the United States, New York: Palgrave.

Krook, M.L. et al 2006. ’Western Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand: Gender Quotas in the Context of Citizenship Models’, in Dahlerup, D. (ed.) Women, Quotas and Politics, London/New York: Routledge, pp. 194-221.

Lijphart, A. 2002. ‘The Evolution of Consociational Theory and Consociational Practices 1965–2000’, Acta Politica, 37: 11–22.

Lovenduski, J. 2005. Feminizing Politics, Cambridge UK: Polity Press.

Lovenduski, J. et al (eds) State Feminism and Political Representation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lovenduski, J. 2005. ‘Introduction: state feminism and the political
representation of women’, in Lovenduski, J. et al (eds) State Feminism and Political Representation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-19.

Matland, R. 1998. ‘Enhancing Women’s Political Participation: Legislative Recruitment and Electoral Systems’, in A. Karam (ed.) Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, Stockholm: International IDEA, pp. 65–88.

McDonagh, E. 2002. ‘Political Citizenship and Democratization: The Gender Paradox’, American Political Science Review, 96, 3: 535–52.

Norris, P. 1987. Politics and Sexual Equality: The Comparative Position of Women in
Western Democracies, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

Phillips, A. 1995. The Politics of Presence: The Political Representation of Gender, Ethnicity and Race, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Royo, S. 2002. A New Century of Corporatism?: Corporatism in Southern Europe, Westport: Praeger.

Rule, W. 1981. ‘The Critical Contextual Factors in Women’s Legislative Recruitment’,
Western Political Quarterly, 34: 60–77.

Rule, W. 1987. ‘Electoral Systems, Contextual Factors and Women’s Opportunity for
Elections to Parliament in Twenty-three Democracies’, The Western Political Quarterly,
40, 3: 477–98.

Sainsbury, D. 1996. Gender, Equality and Welfare States, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Schmitter, P. 1979. ‘Still the century of corporatism?’, in P. Schmitter and G. Lembruch (eds) Trends towards corporatist intermediation, London: Sage.

Sgier, L. ‘Political Representation and Gender Quotas’, paper presented at the European Consortium of Politics Research, Joint Sessions of Workshops, Edinburgh, March–April 2003.

Skjeie, H. 2001. ‘Quotas, Parity and the Discursive Dangers of Difference’ in C.S. Maier and J. Klausen (eds) Has Liberalism Failed Women? Assuring Equal Representation in Europe and in the United States, New York: Palgrave, pp. 165–76.

Skjeie, H. and Siim, B. 2000. ‘Scandinavian Feminist Debates on Citizenship’, International Political Science Review, 21, 4: 345–60.

Socialist International Women. ‘The Quota System.’ www.socintwomen.org.uk/QUOTA/QUOTAEng1.html

Teigen, M. 2000. ‘The Affirmative action controversy’, NORA (Nordic Journal of
Women’s Studies), 8, 2: 63–77.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 2004. ‘Human Development Report 2004’.

Austria

Austrian Parliament website, www.parlament.gv.at

Caul, Miki. 2001. ‘Political Parties and the Adoption of Candidate Gender Quotas: A Cross National analysis’. Journal of Politics. 63(4) pp. 1214-1229.

Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1997. Participation of Women in Political Life. Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union.

Köpl, R. 2005. ‘Gendering political representation: debates and controversies in Austria’, in Lovenduski, J. et al (eds) State Feminism and Political Representation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 20-40.

Steininger, Barbara. 2000. ‘Representation of Women in the Austrian Political System 1945-1998: From a Token Female Politician Towards an Equal Ratio?’ Women and Politics. 21, (2). pp. 81-106.

Belgium

Amazone. 1999. ‘Wat doet de wet voor een beter gender-evenwicht in de politiek?’ Vrouwenraad. 2. pp. 30-41.

Belgian Federal Parliament website, http://www.fed-parl.be/

Carton, Ann. 2001. ‘The General Elections in Belgium in June 1999: A Real Breakthrough for Women Politicians?’ European Journal of Women’s Studies. 8, no. 1. pp. 127-135.

Carton, Ann. 1995. ‘Paritaire democratie: een definitieve stap vooruit.’ Nederlandstalige Vrouwenraad (ed.). Jaarboek van de vrouw. Leuven: Acco. pp. 71-89

Caul, Miki. 2001. ‘Political Parties and the Adoption of Candidate Gender Quotas: A Cross National Analysis’. Journal of Politics. 63(4). pp. 1214-1229

Coenen, Marie-Thérèse. 1999. De l'égalité à la parité: Le difficile accès des femmes à la citoyenneté (From equality to parity: The difficult access of women to citizenship). Brussels: Éditions Labor.

Craeghs, Jo and Wilfried Dewachter. 1998. Vrouwen verkozen. Een eerste onderzoek naar de betekenis van de evenredige vertegenwoordiging, de hoofdvakstem en plaatsvervanging. Leuven: KUL.

Gubin, Éliane and Leen Van Molle (eds) 1998. Femmes et politique en Belgique (Women and politics in Belgium). Brussels: Racine.

Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1997. Participation of Women in Political Life. Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union.

Joly, Carinne. 1997. Parité ou quotas: quelle solution pour une plus grande representation des femmes en politique? (Parity or quotas: what solution for a greater representation of women in politics?). Brussels: Institut de Formation de l’Administration fédérale.

Leye, Els. 1992. ‘Vrouwen in de politieke besluitvorming.’ Nederlandstalige Vrouwenraad (ed.). Jaarboek van de vrouw. Leuven: Acco. pp. 67-77.

Marques-Pereira, Bérengère. 1994. ‘Le genre de la representation’ (The Gender of Representation). Manuel de resources women’s studies. Brussels: ULB. pp. 81-88.

Marques-Pereira, Bérengère. 1996. ‘Citoyenneté et representation. Quelques repères utiles à l’analyse comparative.’ (Citizenship and Representation: Some useful benchmarks from comparative analysis). Alisa del Re and Jacqueline Heinen (eds.). Quelle citoyenneté pour les femmes? La crise des Etats-providence et de la representation politique en Europe (What Citizenship for Women? The crisis of the welfare state and of political representation in Europe). Paris: L’Harmattan. pp. 65-74.

Marques-Pereira, Bérengère. 1998. La citoyenneté politique des femmes (Women’s political citizenship). Brussels: CRISP.

Marques-Pereira, Bérengère. 1998. ‘La parité: les termes du débat’ (Parity: The Terms of Debate). Hedwige Peemans Poullet (ed.). La démocratie à l’épreuve du féminisme (Democracy tested by feminism).Brussels: Université des Femmes. pp. 175-191.

Marques-Pereira, Bérengère. 2000. Political Representation in Belgium: Women's Citizenship, Change and Continuation in Parliamentary Debates. Aalborg: Research Programme on Gender, Empowerment and Politics.

Marques-Pereira, B. ‘Quotas and parity in Belgium within a European framework’, paper presented at the International Political Science Association World Congress, Quebec, Canada, August 2000.

Marques-Pereira, Bérengère and Gigante, Catherine. 2001. ‘La représentation politique des femmes: Des quotas à la parité?’ Courrier hebdomadaire du Centre de recherche et d’information sociopolitique, pp. 5-40.

Mateo Diaz, Mercedes. 2002. ‘Do quotas matter? Positive Actions in the Belgian Parliament.’ Res Publica. 44, no. 1. pp. 49-72.

Meier, Petra. 1998. ‘Vrouwwriendelijke lijsten in 1999?’ Samenleving en Politiek. 5, no. 9. pp. 3-10.

Meier, Petra. 1999. ‘Nécessaire mais insuffisante: La loi belge sur le système des quotas’ (Necessary but Insufficient: The Belgian law on the quota system). Paloma Saavedra (ed). Vers une démocratie paritaire. Analyse et revision des lois électorales en vigeur (Towards Parity Democracy. Analysis and revision of existing electoral laws), Madrid: CELEM. pp. 197-218.

Meier, Petra. 2000a. ‘The Evidence of Being Present: Guarantees of Representation and the Belgian Example’, Acta Politica: International Journal of Political Science, 35, no.1. pp. 64-85.

Meier, Petra. 2000b. ‘From Theory to Practice and Back Again: Gender Quota and the Politics of Presence in Belgium.’ Michael Saward (ed.). Democratic Innovation: Deliberation, representation and association. New York: Routledge. pp. 106-116.

Meier, Petra. 2000c. ‘Gender as part of Political Identity? Gender Quotas in Parliament, Government and Advisory Committees in Belgium.’ Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Meier, Petra. 2001. ‘Aandacht voor de man-vrouw verhouding in de locale politiek.’ Dexia. 55, no. 216. pp. 49-62.

Meier, Petra. 2002. Tussen wens en werkelijkheid: reële en mogelijke impact van quotawetten op kieslijsten. Wetenschappelijke monografie 9. Brussel: Ministerie van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap.

Meier, Petra. 2003. Het ligt niet aan de quota: de opmars van vrouwen in de Kamer, Samenleving & Politiek 10(8), 40-48.

Meier, Petra. 2003. Nog niet voltooid of gewoon discriminerend? Groepsvertegenwoordiging in termen van taal en sekse, Tijdschrift voor Sociologie 23(2-3), 189-208.

Meier, Petra. 2003. Discrimination positive ou discrimination persistente? In: M. Martiniello & A. Rea (eds.) Affirmative action: des discours, des politiques et des pratiques en débat. Louvain-la-Neuve & Liège: Academia-Bruylant & Presses de l'Ulg, 231-252.

Meier, Petra. 2004. Antitrustwetgeving of aanfluiting van de democratie: hoe Vlaamse politici denken over genderquota. Wetenschappelijke monografie 12. Brussel: Ministerie van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap.

Meier, Petra. 2004. De kracht van de definitie. Quotawetten in Argentinië, België en Frankrijk vergeleken, Res Publica 46(1): 80-100.

Meier, Petra. 2004. ‘The Mutual Contagion Effect of Legal and Party Quotas: A Belgian Perspective’, Party Politics, 10, 5: 583–600.

Meier, P. 2005. ‘The Belgian paradox: inclusion and exclusion of gender issues’, in Lovenduski, J. et al (eds) State Feminism and Political Representation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 41-61.

Paye, Olivier. 1997. ‘Féminiser le politique: recitoyennisation ou tribalisation? Une réponse du monde politique belge’ (Feminizing Politics: Recitizenization or tribalization? A reponse to the Belgian political world). Sextant. 7. pp. 139-161.

Paye, Olivier. 1998. ‘La loi de 1994 promouvant la representation des femmes en politique: La parité par les quotas?’ (The 1994 Law Promoting Women’s Political Representation: Parity by Quotas?). Hedwige Peemans Poullet (ed.). La démocratie à l’épreuve du féminisme (Democracy Tested by Feminism). Brussels: Université des Femmes. pp. 193-220.

Peirens, Kirsten. 1999. ‘Vrouwelijke parlementsleden na de verkiezingen van 13 juni 1999: Analyse van de toegang tot een parlementair mandaat.’ Res Publica 41, no. 4. pp. 481-498.

Uyttendaele, Mark and Jérôme Sohier. 1995. ‘Les quotas féminins en droit electoral ou les paradoxes de l’égalité’ (Quotas for women in electoral legislation or the paradoxes of equality). Journal des tribunaux. 114. pp. 249-256.

Van Molle, Leen and Eliane Gubin. 1998. Vrouw en politiek in België. Tielt: Lannoo.

Verdussen, Marc. 1999. ‘La participation des femmes aux élections en Belgique.’ Revue française de droit constitutionnel. 10, no. 36. pp. 799-809.

Verzele, Valérie and Carine Joly. 1999. La representation des femmes en politique après les elections du 13 juin 1999 (Women’s political representation after the 13 June 1999 elections). Brussels: CRISP.

Woodward, Alison. 1998. ‘Politische Partizipation von Frauen in Belgien: Die gespaltene Frau.’ Beate Hoecker (ed). Handbuch Politische Partizipation von Frauen in Europa, Oplande: Leske und Budrich. pp. 17-39.

Denmark

Bergqvist, Christina. (ed.). 1999. Equal Democracies? Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries. Oslo: Scandinavian Universities and the Nordic Council of Ministers.

Borchhorst, Anette et al. 2002. Könsmagt under forandring. Köpenhamn: Hans Reitzels Forlag.

Borchorst, A. and Christensen, A.D. 2003. ‘Könskvotering i SF og i forskerstillinger
– diskursiv praksis og forändring’, in A. Borchorst and D. Dahlerup (eds) Ligestillingspolitik som diskurs og praksis, Frederiksberg: Samfundslitteratur, pp.
101–23.

Borchorst, A. and Dahlerup, D. (eds) 2003. Ligestillingspolitik som diskurs og praksis,
Frederiksberg: Samfundslitteratur.

Christensen, Ann-Dorte and Poul Knopp Damkjær. 1998. Kvinder og politisk repræsentation i Danmark (Women and political representation in Denmark). Aalborg: FREIA.

Christensen, Ann-Dorte. 1999. ‘Kvinder i de politiske partier’. Bergquist et al, Likestilte demokratier? Kjönn og politikk i Norden.

Christensen, Ann-Dorte. 2003. ‘Kønskvotering i SF og i forskerstillinger – diskursiv praksis og forandring’, in Borchorst, Anette and Drude Dahleru: Ligestillingspolitik som diskurs og praksis. Samfundslitteratur. pp.101-123.

Dahl, H.M. et al. 1989. Hvorfor stiger kvinderepræsentationen? En analyse af folketingsvalget i september 1987, University of Aarhus: Department of Political Science.

Dahlerup, D. 1998. Rødstrømperne. Den danske Rødstrømpebevægelses udvikling, nytænkning og gennemslag, Vol. I–II, Copenhagen: Gyldendal.

Dahlerup, Drude, 1988a. ‘From a Small to a Large Minority: Women in Scandinavian Politics’ Scandinavian Political Studies. Vol.11, No 4, pp. 275-298.

Dahlerup, Drude. 1998b. ‘Using Quotas to Increase Women’s Political Representation’ in Azza Karam. Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers. Stockholm: International IDEA.

Dahlerup, Drude and Kristian Hvidt. 1990. Kvinder på Tinge. Rosinante and Folketinget.
Siim, Birte. 2000. Gender and Citizenship: Politics and Agency in France, Britain, and Denmark. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Danish Parliament website, http://www.folketinget.dk/

Kjær, U. 2000. ‘Saturation without parity: The stagnating number of female councillors in Denmark’, in N. Rao (ed.) Representation and Community in Western Democracies, Houndmills: MacMillan, pp. 149–66.

Narud, H.M., Pedersen, M.N. and Valen, H. (eds) 2002. Party Sovereignty and Citizen Control. Selecting Candidates for Parliamentary Elections in Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway, Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark.

Togeby, L. 2003. Fra fremmedarbejdere til etniske minoriteter, Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.

Togeby, L., Andersen, J.G., Munk Christiansen, P., Jørgensen, T.B. and Vallgårda, S. 2003. Magt og demokrati i Danmark. Hovedresultater fra Magtudredningen, Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.

France

Agacinski, Sylviane. 2001. Trans. Lisa Walsh. Parity of the sexes. New York: Columbia University Press.

Allwood, Gill and Khursheen Wadia. 2000. Women and Politics in France 1958-2000. New York: Routledge.

Amar, Micheline (ed.). 1999. Le Piège de la parité: Arguments pour un débat. Paris: Hachette Littératures.

Appleton, Andrew and Amy G. Mazur. 1993. ‘Transformation or Modernization: the Rhetoric and Reality of Gender and Party Politics in France.’ Lovenduski, J. and P. Norris (eds). Gender and Party Politics. pp. 86-112.

Badinter, E. 1996. ‘Non aux quotas de femmes’, Le Monde, 12 June.

Baudino, C. 2005. ‘Gendering the republican system: debates on women’s political representation in France’, in Lovenduski, J. et al (eds) State Feminism and Political Representation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 85-105.

Bird, K. 2003. ‘Who are the Women, Where are the Women, and What Difference
Can They Make? Effect of Gender Parity in the French Municipal Elections’, French Politics, 1, 1: 5–38.

Bird, Karen. 2003. ‘Who are the women? Where are the women? And what difference can they make? Effects of gender parity in French municipal elections,’ French Politics, 1. pp. 5-38.

Bird, Karen. 2002. ‘Does parity work? Results from French elections,’ Feminist Studies 28:3. pp. 691-698.

Favoreu, Louis. 1997. ‘Principio de igualdad y representación política de las mujeres. Cuotas, paridad y Constitución.’ Revista español de derecho constitucional. 17, no. 50. pp. 13-28.

French Parliament website, http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/

Gaspard, Françoise. 1994. ‘De la parité: genèse d'un concept, naissance d'un mouvement.’ Nouvelles questions féministes. 15, no. 4. pp. 29-44.

Gaspard, Françoise. 1998. ‘Parity: Why Not?’ Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies. 9, no. 2. pp. 93-104.

Gaspard, Françoise. 2001. ‘The French Parity Movement.’ Jytte Klausen and Charles S. Meier (eds.). Has Liberalism Failed Women? Assuring Equal Representation in Europa and the United States. New York: Palgrave.

Gaspard, Françoise, Claude Servan-Schreiber, and Anne Le Gall. 1992. Au pouvoir, citoyennes!: Liberté, égalité, parité. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.

Giraud, Isabelle and Jane Jenson. 2001. ‘Constitutionalizing Equal Access: High Hopes, Dashed Hopes?’ Jytte Klausen and Charles S. Meier (eds.). Has Liberalism Failed Women? Assuring Equal Representation in Europa and the United States. New York: Palgrave.

Green, M. ‘La Parité – To Be or Not to Be?’, paper presented and the European Consortium of Politics Research, Joint Sessions of Workshops, Edinburgh, March–April 2003.

Haase-Dubosc, Danielle. 1999. ‘Sexual Difference and Politics in France Today.’ Feminist Studies. 25, no. 1. pp. 183-210.

Henry, Natacha. 1994. ‘Gender parity in French politics.’ Contemporary review. 265. pp. 86-89.

Hochedez, Daniel and Cécile Maurice. 1997. ‘Règles et réalités européenes.’ Pouvoirs- revue franc. D’études constitutionnelles et politiques. pp. 77-90.

Jennings, J. 2000. ‘Citizenship, Republicanism and Multiculturalism in Contemporary France’, British Journal of Political Science, 30: 575–98.

Jenson, Jane & Valiente, Celia. 2003. Comparing Two Movements for Gender Parity: France and Spain, in Banaszak A. L., Beckwith K., D. Rucht (eds.) Women's Movements Facing the Reconfigured State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Le Doeuff, Michèle. 1995. ‘Problèmes d'investiture (De la parité, etc).’ (Investiture Issues (Parity, etc.). Nouvelles questions féministes. 16, no. 2. pp. 5-80.

Lenoir, Noëlle. 2001. ‘The Representation of Women in Politics: From Quotas to Parity in Elections.’ International and Comparative Law Quarterly 50, no. 2. pp. 217-247.
Lipietz, Alain. 1994. ‘Parité au masculin.’ Nouvelles questions féministes 15, no. 4. pp. 45-64.

Louis, Marie-Victoire. 1998. Trans. Jennifer Curtiss Gage. ‘Introduction: 'Actualité de la parité.’’ differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 9, no. 2. pp. 106-109.

Lovecy, Jill. 2000. ‘ 'Citoyennes à part entière’? The constitutionalization of gendered citizenship in France and the parity reforms of 1999-2000.’ Government and opposition 35, no. 4. pp. 439-462.

Majnoni d’Intignano, Béatrice. 1997. ‘Changer de stratégie?’ Pouvoirs – revue française d’études constitutionelles et politiques 21, no. 82. pp. 105-114.

Martin, Jacqueline (ed.). 1998. La Parité: Enjeux et mise en oeuvre.Toulouse: Presses Universitaires du Mirail.

Mossuz-Lavau, Janine. 1998a. Femmes/hommes pour la parité. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.

Mossuz-Lavau, Janine. 1998b. ‘La parité à la française.’ Swiss Political Science Review: 4:2, pp. 137-144. http://www.spsr.ch/Debates/QUOT/QUOT1.pdf

Murray, R. 2003. Was the low number of women elected to France’s National Assembly in 2002 indicative of the failure of parity as a policy?, MRes Dissertation, London: Birkbeck College.

Nouvelles questions féministes: Le parité ‘pour’. 1994: 15, no. 4.

Nouvelles questions féministes: Le parité ‘contre’. 1995: 16, no. 2.

Opello, Katherine A. R. 2002. Ideas and Elections: Explaining the Timing and Nature of the French Socialist Party’s Gender-Based Quota. Ph.D. Diss., New York University.

Ozouf, M. 1995. Les mots des femmes: Essai sur la singularité française, Paris: Fayard.

Praud, Jocelyne. 1998. ‘La seconde vague féministe et la féminisation du Parti socialiste français et du Parti québécois.’ Politique et sociétés 17, no. 1-2. pp. 71-90.

Scott, Joan Wallach. 1998. ‘'La Querelle des Femmes’ in the Late Twentieth Century.’ differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 9, no. 2. pp. 70-92.

Sgier, Lea. 2001. ‘Analysing Gender Quota Policies: France and Switzerland.’ Paper presented at the ECPR General Conference, University of Kent at Canterbury, Kent, UK, September 6-8.

Siim, Birte. 2000. Gender and Citizenship: Politics and Agency in France, Britain, and Denmark. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sineau, M. 2002. ‘Institutionnalisation de la parité: l’expérience francaise’, in J. Ballington and M.J. Protais (eds) Les femmes au parlement: Au-dela du nombre, Stockholm: International IDEA, pp. 121–32.

Sineau, Mariette. 1995. ‘Parité et principe d’égalité: le débat français’. Ephésia (Collective ed.) La place des femmes: les enjeux de l’identité et de l’égalité au regard des sciences sociales. Paris: La Découverte. pp. 518-523

Sineau, Mariette. 2001. Profession: Femme Politique. Sexe et pouvouir sous la Cinquième République. Paris: Presses de Sciences Politique.

Sineau, Mariette.2002a. ‘La Parité in Politics: From a Radial Idea to a Consensual Reform’ Isabelle de Courtivron. Beyond French Feminisms. Debates on Women, Politics and Culture in France, 1980-2001. New York and London: Palgrave/St. Martin Press.

Trat, Josette. 1995. ‘La loi pour la parité: une solution en trompe-l'oeil.’ Nouvelles questions féministes 16, no. 2. pp. 129-139.

Varikas, Eleni. 1995. ‘Une répresentation en tant que femme? Réflexions critiques sur la demande de la parité des sexes.’ Nouvelles questions féministes 16, no. 2. pp. 81-127.

Viennot, Éliane. 1994. ‘Parité: les féministes entre défis politiques et révolution culturelle.’ Nouvelles questions féministes 15, no. 4. pp. 65-89.

Wisler, Dominique. 1999. ‘Parité politique: la diffusion d’un principe’. Swiss Political Science Review, 5:1, pp. 110-114. http://www.spsr.ch/Debates/QUOT/QUOT3.pdf

Germany

Brzinski, J.B. 2003. ‘Women’s Representation in Germany: A Comparison of East and West’, in R.E. Matland and K.A. Montgomery (eds) Women’s Access to Political Power in Post-Communist Europe, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 63–80.

Davidson-Schmich, L.K. ‘Voluntary Gender Quotas and Women’s Representation: Evidence from German State Legislatures’, paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Southern Political Science Association, Savannah, GA, November 2002.

German Parliament website, http://www.bundestag.de/

Haug, Frigga. 1995. ‘The Quota Demand and Feminist Politics.’ New Left Review 209. pp. 136-145.

Hoecker, Beate. 1994.’The German Electoral System- A Barrier to Women?’ Rule, Wilma and Joseph Zimmerman (eds.) Electoral Systems in Comparative Perspective: Their Impact on Women and Minorities. Westport: Praeger.

Hoecker, Beate. 1996. Innerparteiliche Frauenförderung in Grossbritannien und Deutschland. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press

Hoecker, Beate (ed.). 1998. Politische Partizipation von Frauen in Europa. Opladen: Leske and Budrich.

Inhetveen, Katharina. 1999. ‘Can Gender Equality Be Institutionalized? The Role of Launching Values in Institutional Innovation.’ International Sociology 14, no. 4. pp. 403-422.

Kamenitsa, L. and Geissel, B. 2005. ‘WPAs and political representation in Germany’, in Lovenduski, J. et al (eds) State Feminism and Political Representation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 106-129.

Klausen, Jytte and Charles Maier. 2001. Has Liberalism failed women? Assuring equal representation in Europe and the United States. New York: Palgrave

Kolinsky, Eva. 1991. ‘Political participation and parliamentary careers: women’s quotas in West Germany.’ West European Politics 14, no. 1. pp. 56-72.

Kolinsky, Eva. 1998. ‘Women and Politics in Western Germany.’ Rueschmeyer, Marilyn (ed.) Women in the Politics of Post Communist Eastern Europe. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. pp. 64-88.

Lang, R. 1989. Frauenquoten: Der einen Freud, des anderen Leid. Bonn: J. H. W. Dietz Nachf.

Lemke, Christiane. 2001. ‘Changing the Rules of the Game: The Role of Law and the Effets of Party Reforms on Gender Parity in Germany.’ Klausen, Jytte and Charles Maier (eds.). Has Liberalism Failed Women? Assuring Equal Representation in Europe and the United States. New York: Palgrave

McKay, J. 2003. ‘Women in German Politics: Still Jobs for the Boys?’, German Politics, 13, 1: 56–80.

Meyer, B. 2003. ‘Much Ado about Nothing? Political Representation Policies and the Influence of Women Parliamentarians in Germany’, Review of Policy Research, 20, 3: 401–21.

Peters, Anne. 1999. Women, Quotas and Constitutions: A Comparative Study of Affirmative Action for Women under American, German, European Community and International Law. Cambridge: Kluwer Law International.

Rössler, B. (ed.). 1993. Quotierung und Gerechtigkeit: Eine moralphilosophische Kontroverse. Frankfurt am Main: Campus.

Rueschmeyer, Marilyn. 1998. ‘Women in the Politics of Eastern Germany: The Dilemmas of Unification.’ Rueschmeyer, Marilyn (ed.) Women in the Politics of Postcommunist Eastern Europe. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. pp. 89-115.

Wettig-Danielmeier, I. (ed.). 1997. Greift die Quote? Cologne: Stadtwege-Verlag.

Wiliarty, S.E. 2001. Bringing Women to the Party: The Christian Democratic Union
(CDU) as a Corporatist Catch-All Party, doctoral thesis, University of California, Berkeley.

Greece

Greece Embassy in Washington, http://www.greekembassy.org/

Greece Parliament website, http://www.parliament.gr/

‘Recent legislative developments in equal opportunities.’ 2001. European Industrial Relations Observatory On-Line. www.eiro.eurofound.ie/2001/08/feature/GR0108119F.html

Iceland

Bergqvist, Christina. (ed.) 1999. Equal Democracies? Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries. Oslo: Scandinavian Universities and the Nordic Council of Ministers.

Christensen, Ann-Dorte. 1999. ‘Kvinder i de politiske partier’ in Christina Bergquist et al Likestilte Demokratier? Kjönn og politikk i Norden. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

Icelandic Parliament website, http://www.althingi.is/

Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1997. Democracy Still in the Making: A World Comparative Study. Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union.

Kristjánsson, S. 2002. ‘Iceland: From Party Rule to Pluralist Political Society’, in
H.M. Narud, M.N. Pedersen and H. Valen (eds) Party Sovereignty and CitizenControl. Selecting Candidates for Parliamentary Elections in Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway, Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark, pp. 107–66.

Kristjánsson, S. 2003. ‘Iceland: A Parliamentary Democracy with a Semi-presidential Constitution’, in K. Ström, W.C. Muller and T. Bergman (eds) Delegation and
Accountability in Parliamentary Democracies, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.
399–417.

Styrkársdóttir, A. 1986. ‘From social movement to political power: the new women’s movement in Iceland’, in D. Dahlerup (ed.) The New Women’s Movement: Feminism and Political Power in Europe and the US, Newbury Park: Sage, pp. 140–57.

Ireland

Galligan, Yvonne. 1998. Women and Politics in Contemporary Ireland: From the Margins to the Mainstream. Pinter.

Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1997. Democracy Still in the Making: A World Comparative Study. Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union.

Irish Parliament website, http://www.oireachtas.ie/

Israel

Herzog, Hanna. 1996. ‘Why So Few? The Political Culture of Gender in Israel,’ International Review of Women and Leadership 2, no. 1. p. 11.

Levin, Leah Simmons. 1999. ‘Setting the Agenda: The Success of the 1977 Israel Women's Party.’ Israel Studies 4, no. 2, p. 40.

The Knesset: The Israeli Parliament. www.knesset.gov.il

Nelson, B. & N. Chowdhury (eds.). 1994. Women and Politics Worldwide, London: Yale University Press.

Italy

Guadagnini, Marila. 1998. ‘The Debate on Women’s Quotas in Italian Electoral Legislation.’ Swiss Political Science Review, 4:3, pp. 97-102. http://www.spsr.ch/Debates/QUOT/QUOT2.pdf

Guadagnini, M. 2005. ‘Gendering the debate on political representation in Italy: a difficult challenge’, in Lovenduski, J. et al (eds) State Feminism and Political Representation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 130-152.

Italian Parliament website, http://www.parlamento.it/

For information about women in the 2006 Italian election, see the Department of Rights and Equal Opportunities’ website: www.pariopportunita.gov.it/DefaultDesktop.aspx?doc=969

Luxembourg

Luxembourg Parliament website, http://www.chd.lu/

Malta

Malta Parliament website, http://parliament.gov.mt/

National Council of Women of Malta, http://www.ncwmalta.com/

The Netherlands

Bacchi, Carol Lee. 1996. Politics of Affirmative Actions. Women, Equality and Category Politics. London: Sage.

Bussemaker, Jet and Rian Voet (eds.). 1998. Gender, Participation and Citizenship in the Netherlands. Brookfield: Ashgate.

Leijenaar, Monique. 1998. ‘Political Empowerment of Women in the Netherlands.’ Jet Bussemaker and Rian Voet (eds.). Gender, Participation and Citizenship in the Netherlands. Brookfield: Ashgate. pp. 91-107.

Oldersma, J. 2005. ‘High tides in a low country: gendering political
representation in the Netherlands’, in Lovenduski, J. et al (eds) State Feminism and Political Representation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 153-173.

Netherland Parliament website, http://www.parlement.nl/

Norway

Bacchi, Carol Lee. 1996. Politics of Affirmative Actions. Women, Equality and Category Politics. London: Sage.

Bergqvist, Christina (ed.). 1999. Equal Democracies? Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries. Oslo: Scandinavian Universities and the Nordic Council of Ministers.

Bystydzienski, J.M. 1995. Women in Electoral Politics: Lessons from Norway, Westport: Praeger.

Christensen, Ann-Dorte. 1999. ‘Women in Political Parties.’ Christina Bergquist (ed). Equal Democracies? Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries. Oslo: Scandinavian Universities and the Nordic Council of Ministers

Hagemann, G. 2003. Feminisme og historieskriving – inntrykk fra en reise, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

Hernes, H. 1982. Staten – kvinner ingen adgang? Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

Holter, H. 1981. ‘Om kvinneundertrykkelse, mannsundertrykelse og hersketeknikker’,
in K. Andenaes, T. Johansen and T. Mathisen (eds) Maktens ansikter: perspektiver på makt og maktforskning, Oslo: Gyldendal, pp. 216–35.

Inhetveen, Katharina. 1999. ‘Can Gender Equality Be Institutionalized? The Role of Launching Values in Institutional Innovation.’ International Sociology. 14, no. 4. pp. 403-422.

Matland, Richard E. 1993. ‘Institutional Variables Affecting Female Representation in National Legislatures: The Case of Norway.’ Journal of Politics. 55 (3). pp. 737-755.

Matland, R. and Studlar, D.T. 1996. ‘The Contagion of Women Candidates in Single-Member District and Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Canada and Norway’, The Journal of Politics, 58, 3: 707–33.

Norwegian Parliament website, http://www.stortinget.no/

Raum, Nina Cecilie. 1995. ‘The Political Representation of Women: A Bird's Eye View’ in Karvonen, Lauri and Per Selle (eds). Women in Nordic Politics: Closing the Gap. Dartmouth, pp.25-55.

Rokkan, S. 1987. Stat, nasjon, klasse, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

Skjeie, H. 1992. Den politiske betydningen av kjønn: En studie av norsk topp-politikk,
(The Political Significance of Gender: A Study of Norwegian Top Politics). Oslo: Institute for Social Research

Skjeie, Hege. 1993a. ‘Målrettet og tilfeldig: kvoteringspraksis og kvinnerepresentasjon på Stortinget’ (Intentional and accidental: The practice of quotas and women’s representation in the Norwegian Parliament). Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning 34, no. 5-6. pp. 479-486.

Skjeie, Hege. 1993b. ‘Ending the Male Political Hegemony: The Norwegian Experience.’ Lovenduski, Joni and Pippa Norris (eds.). Gender and Party Politics. London: Sage

Skjeie, Hege. 2001. ‘Quotas, Parity and the Discursive Dangers of Difference.’ Klausen, Jytte and Charles Maier (eds.) Has Liberalism Failed Women? Assuring Equal Representation in Europe and the United States. New York: Palgrave

Skjeie, H. 2003. ‘Særuttalelse: Demokrati, makt og menneskerettigheter’, in Sluttrapport fra Makt- og demokratiutredningen, NOU 2003: 19, Oslo: Statens forvaltningstjeneste, Informasjonsforvaltning, pp. 74–87.

Skjeie, H. and Teigen, M. 2003. Menn imellom. Mannsdominans og likestillingspolitikk,
Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk.

Teigen, Mari. 2002. Kvotering og kontrovers. Virkemidler i likestillingpolitikken. Oslo: Institutt for samfunnsforskning.

Teigen, M. 2003. Kvotering og kontrovers, Oslo: Pax.

Trojel, Lasse and Liss Nielsen. 1979. ‘Kønskvotering i det norske Storting?’ (Gender quotas in the Norwegian Parliament?). Kvinden og samfundet 95, no. 7. p. 4.

Poland

Jalusic, Vlasta and Milica Antic. 2000. Prospects for Gender Equality Policies in Central and Eastern Europe. Vienna: Institute for Human Sciences.

Poland Parliament website, http://www.sejm.gov.pl/

Regulska, Joanna. 1998. ‘Transitions to Local Democracy: Do Polish Women Have a Chance?’ Marilyn Rueschmeyer. (ed.). Women in the Politics of Post Communist Eastern Europe. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. pp. 33-63

Siemienska, Renata. 1998. ‘Consequences of Ecenomic and Political Changes for Women in Poland’ Jacquette,’ Jane and Sharon L. Wolchik (eds.). Women and Democracy. Latin America and Central and Eastern Europe. John Hopkins University Press, pp. 125-152.

Siemienska, Renata. 2000. ‘Political Representation of Women and Mechanisms of its Creation in Poland.’ Paper presented at the Perspectives for Gender Equality Politics in Central and Eastern Europe Workshop. The Peace Institute, Ljubljana, May.

Portugal

Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1999. Participation of Women in Public Life . Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union.

Portuguese Parliament website, http://www.parlamento.pt/

Spain

Hacia una Democracia Paritaria. Análisis y Revisión de las Leyes Electorales Vigentes (Towards Parity Democracy: Analysis and Reform of Existing Electoral Laws). 2001. Madrid: CELEM.

Instituto de la Mujer, Statistics of women in congress, http://www.mtas.es/mujer/mujeres/cifras/poder/poder_legislativo.htm

Prades, Joaquina. 2000. ‘PSOE y PP, únicos partidos que suben su cuota de mujeres.’ El País, 30 January.

Spanish Parliament website, http://www.congreso.es/

Valiente, Celia. 2003. ‘The Feminist Movement and the Reconfigured State in Spain (1970s-2000)’, in Banaszak A. L., Beckwith K., D. Rucht (eds.) Women's Movements Facing the Reconfigured State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Valiente, C. 2005. ‘The women’s movement, gender equality agencies and central-state debates on political representation in Spain’, in Lovenduski, J. et al (eds) State Feminism and Political Representation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 174-194.

Sweden

Bacchi, Carol Lee. 1996. Politics of Affirmative Actions. Women, Equality and Category Politics. London: Sage.

Bergqvist, Christina (ed.) 1999. Equal Democracies? Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries. Oslo: Scandinavian Universities and the Nordic Council of Ministers.

Christensen, Ann-Dorte. 1999. ‘Kvinder i de politiske partier’ Christina Bergquist et al. Likestilte demokratier? Kjönn og politikk i Norden. Oslo: Universitetsförlaget

de los Reyes, P., Molina, I. and Mulinari, D. (eds) 2002. Maktens (o)lika förklädnader:
kön, klass och etnicitet i det postkoloniala Sverige: en festskrift till Wuokko Knocke,
Stockholm: Atlas.

Freidenvall, L. 2003. ‘Women’s political representation and gender quotas – the Swedish case.’ The Research Program on Gender Quotas. Working Paper Series 2003: 3, Stockholm University: Department of Political Science.

Hirdman, Y. 1990. ‘Genussystemet’, in Demokrati och makt i Sverige, SOU 1990: 44,
Stockholm: Statens offentliga utredningar, pp. 73–116.

Hirdman, Y. 2001. Genus – om det stabilas föränderliga former, Malmö: Liber.

Karlsson, Gunnel. 1996. Från Broderskap till Systerskap. Lund: Arkiv Förlag

Pincus, I. 2002. The Politics of Gender Equality Policy, PhD dissertation, Örebro University: Department of Political Science.

Sainsbury, D. 1993. ‘The Politics of Increased Women’s Representation: The Swedish Case’, in J. Lovenduski and P. Norris (eds) Gender and Party Politics, Thousand Oaks: Sage, pp. 263–90.

Sainsbury, D. 2004. ‘Women’s Political Representation in Sweden: Discursive Politics and Institutional Presence’, Scandinavian Political Studies, 27, 1: 65–87.

Sainsbury, D. 2005. ‘Party feminism, state feminism and women’s representation in Sweden’, in Lovenduski, J. et al (eds) State Feminism and Political Representation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 195-215.

SOU 1987:19. Varannan Damernas: Slutbetänkande från utredningen om kvinnorepresentation

Swedish Parliament website, http://www.riksdagen.se/

Wallin, G. et al. 1981. Kommunalpolitikerna. Del 1 och 2. Ds Kn 1981: 17–18.

Wängnerud, L. 1998. Politikens andra sida. Om kvinnorepresentation i Sveriges riksdag, PhD dissertation, Göteborg: Göteborgs universitet.

Wängnerud, Lena, 2001. ‘Kvinnors röst: En kamp mellan partier’. Rösträtten 80 år. Stockholm: Justitiedepartementet

Switzerland

Arioli, Kathrin. 1998. ‘Die Schweizerische Debatte um die Einführung von Frauenquoten in der Politik’ (The Swiss Debate on Introducing Quotas for Women in Politics). Swiss Political Science Review. 4, no. 2. pp. 131-137. http://www.spsr.ch/Debates/QUOT/QUOT1.pdf

Sgier, Lea. 2001. ‘Analysing Gender Quota Policies: France and Switzerland.’ Paper presented at the ECPR General Conference, University of Kent at Canterbury, Kent, UK, September 6-8.

Swiss Parliament website, http://www.parlament.ch/

Wisler, D. 1999. ‘Parité politique: la diffusion d’un principe’, Swiss Political Science
Review, 5, 1: 110–14. http://www.spsr.ch/Debates/QUOT/QUOT3.pdf

Wuthrich, Agnès. 2000. ‘Le principe des quotas féminins est-il compatible avec la démocratie suisse?’ Temps. 21 February.

The United Kingdom

Anderson, Janet. 1997. Women as Electable Candidates: British Party Seeks Another Avenue to Affirmative Action. Parliamentarian. 78 (1) pp. 26-28

Breitenbach, Esther and Fiona Mackay (eds). 2001. Women and Contemporary Scottish Politics: An Anthology. Edinburgh: Polygon.

Brooks, Rachel, Angela Eagle and Clare Short. 1990. Quotas Now: Women in the Labour Party. Fabian Tract 541. London: Fabian Society.

Childs, S. 2002. ‘Concepts of Representation and the Passage of the Sex Discrimination (Election Candidates) Bill’, Journal of Legislative Studies, 8, 3: 90–108.

Childs, S. 2004. New Labour’s Women MP’s: Women Representing Women, London: Taylor & Francis.

Eagle, Maria and Joni Lovenduski. 1998. ‘High Time of High Tide for Labour Women?’ Fabian Society Pamphlet. London: Fabian Society.

Henig, Simon. 1999. ‘The Labour Party and Women’s Quotas.’ Paper presented at the EPOP Conference.

Hoecker, Beate. 1996. Innerparteiliche Frauenförderung in Grossbritannien und Deutschland. Zeitschrift fur Parlamentsfragen 27(4) pp. 642-657.

Lovenduski, Joni. 1996. ‘The Compatibility of Parity Democracy with the Constitutional and Electoral Law of the United Kingdom.’ Group of Specialists on Equality and Democracy: Final Report of Activities. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Press. pp. 68-90.

Lovenduski, J. 2005. ‘Party government and women’s representation debates: the UK’, in Lovenduski, J. et al (eds) State Feminism and Political Representation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 216-238.

Lovenduski, Joni and Pippa Norris (eds.) 1996. Women in Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

McAllister, Ian and Donley T. Studlar. 1998. ‘Candidate gender and voting in the 1997 British General Election: Did Labour Quotas Matter?’ Journal of Legislative Studies 4, no. 3. pp. 72-91.

Mowlan, Marjorie. 1993. ‘Redressing the Imbalance: Labour Party Proposals to Ensure Greater Access for Women to Parliamentary Seats at Westminster.’ Parliamentarian 74, no. 4. pp. 196-197.

Norris, Pippa. 2001. ‘ Breaking the Barriers: Positive Discrimination Policies for Women’. Has Liberalism Failed Women? Assuring Equal Representation in Europe and the United States. Jytte Klausen and Charles S. Maie (eds.). New York: Palgrave.

Norris, Pippa and Joni Lovenduski. 1995. Political Recruitment: Gender, Race and Class in the British Parliament. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Perrigo, Sarah. 1996. ‘Women and Change in the Labour Party 1979-1995.’ Parliamentary Affairs 49, no. 1. pp. 116-129.

Perrigo, Sarah. 1999. ‘Women, Gender and New Labour.’ Gerald R. Taylor (ed.) The Impact of New Labour. New York: St. Martin’s Press. pp. 162-176.
Short, Clare. 1996. ‘Women and the Labour Party.’ Parliamentary Affairs. 49, no. 1. pp. 17-25.

Russell, M. 2000. Women’s Representation in UK Politics: What can be done with the
Law?, London: The Constitution Unit.

Russell, M., Mackay, F. and McAllister, L. 2002. ‘Women’s Representation in the Scottish Parliament and National Assembly for Wales: Party Dynamics for Achieving Critical Mass’, Journal of Legislative Studies, 8, 2: 49–76.

Short, C. 1996. ‘Women and the Labour Party’, Parliamentary Affairs, 49, 1: 17–25.

Siim, Birte. 2000. Gender and Citizenship: Politics and Agency in France, Britain, and Denmark. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Squires, J. 1996. ‘Quotas for Women: Fair Representation?’ in J. Lovenduski and P. Norris (eds) Women in Politics, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 73–90.

Squires, J. 2004. ‘Gender Quotas in Britain: A Fast Track to Equality?’, The Research Program on Gender Quotas. Working Paper Series 2004: 1. Stockholm University, Department of Political Science.

Squires, Judith and Mark Wickham-Jones. 2001. Women in Parliament: A Comparative Analysis. Equal Opportunities Commission.

United Kingdom Parliament website, http://www.parliament.uk/

Vallance, E. 1984. ‘Women Candidates in the 1983 General Election’, Parliamentary
Affairs, 37, 3: 301–9.

	Global Database of Quotas for Women A joint project of International IDEA and Stockholm University
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[Home] » [Sources] Western Europe General sources Western Europe \| Austria \| Belgium \| Denmark \| France \| Germany \| Greece \| Iceland \| Ireland \| Israel \| Italy \| Luxembourg \| Malta \| The Netherlands \| Norway \| Poland \| Portugal \| Spain \| Sweden \| Switzerland \| The United Kingdom General sources Western Europe Agacinski, S. 2001. Parity of the Sexes, trans. L. Walsh, New York: Columbia University Press. Andersen, K. 1975. ‘Working Women and Political Participation, 1952–1972’, American Journal of Political Science, 19: 439–55. Bergqvist, C. 1995. ‘The Declining corporatist state and the political gender dimension’, in L. Karvonen and P. Selle (eds) Women in Nordic Politics: Closing the Gap, Aldershot: Dartmouth, pp. 205–28. Bergqvist, C. et al. (eds) 1999. Equal Democracies? Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries, Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. Castles, F.G. and Sainsbury, D. 1990. ‘Politics in Scandinavia’, in R.C. Macridis (ed.) Modern Political Systems: Europe, 7th edn, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, pp. 281–327. Dahlerup, D. 1988a. ‘From a Small to a Large Minority: Women in Scandinavian Politics’, Scandinavian Political Studies, 11, 4: 275–98. Dahlerup, D. 1988b. Vi har ventet længe nok – håndbog i kvinderepræsentation, Copenhagen: Nordisk Ministerråd. Dahlerup, D. 1998b. ‘Using Quotas to Increase Women’s Political Representation’, in A. Karam (ed.) Women in Parliament. Beyond Numbers, Stockholm: International IDEA, pp. 91–106. Dahlerup, D. 2004. ‘Continuity and Waves in the Feminist Movement – A Challenge to Social Movement Theory’, in H. Römer Christensen, B. Halsaa and A. Saarinen (eds) Crossing Borders: Remapping Women’s Movements at the Turn of the 21st Century, Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark, pp. 59–78. Dahlerup, D. and Freidenvall, L. ‘Quotas as a ‘Fast Track’ to Equal Political Representation for Women: Why Scandinavia is No Longer the Model’, paper presented at the 19th International Political Science Association World Congress, Durban, South Africa, June–July 2003. Dahlerup, D. and Freidenvall, L. 2005. ‘Quotas as a Fast Track to Equal Representation for Women’, International Feminist Journal of Politics, 7, 1: 1–22. Esping-Andersen, G. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. Freedman, J. 2000. A Room at a Time: How Women Entered Party Politics, New York: Rowman & Littlefield. Freidenvall, L. et al. 2006. ‘The Nordic Countries: An incremental model’, in Dahlerup, D. (ed.) Women, Quotas and Politics, London/New York: Routledge, pp. 55-82. Gelb, J. 1989. Feminism and Politics: A Comparative Perspective, Berkeley: University of California Press. Gomard, K. and Krogstad, A. (eds) 2001. Instead of the Ideal Debate. Doing Politics and Doing Gender in Nordic Political Campaign Discourse, Gylling: Aarhus University Press. Giraud, I. and Jenson, J. 2001. ‘Constitutionalising Equal Access: High Hopes, Dashed Hopes?’, in J. Klausen and C.S. Maier (eds) Has Liberalism Failed Women? Assuring Equal Representation in Europe and the United States, New York: Palgrave, pp. 69–88. Haavio-Mannila, E. et al. (eds) 1985. Unfinished Democracy: Women in Nordic Politics, New York: Pergamon. Hernes, H. 1987. Welfare State and Women Power: Essays in State Feminism, Oslo: Norwegian University Press. Htun, M. 2004. ‘Is Gender Like Ethnicity? The Political Representation of Identity Groups’, Perspectives on Politics, 2, 3: 439–58. Inhetveen, K. 1999. ‘Can Gender Equality be Institutionalised? The Role of Launching Values in Institutional Innovation’, International Sociology, 14, 4: 403–42. International Parliamentary Union (IPU), www.ipu.org Kaiser, P. 2001. Strategic Predictors of Women’s Parliamentary Participation: A Comparative Study of Twenty-Three Democracies, PhD dissertation, Los Angeles: University of California. Klausen, J. and Maier, C.S. (eds) 2001. Has Liberalism Failed Women? Assuring Equal Representation in Europe and the United States, New York: Palgrave. Krook, M.L. et al 2006. ’Western Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand: Gender Quotas in the Context of Citizenship Models’, in Dahlerup, D. (ed.) Women, Quotas and Politics, London/New York: Routledge, pp. 194-221. Lijphart, A. 2002. ‘The Evolution of Consociational Theory and Consociational Practices 1965–2000’, Acta Politica, 37: 11–22. Lovenduski, J. 2005. Feminizing Politics, Cambridge UK: Polity Press. Lovenduski, J. et al (eds) State Feminism and Political Representation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lovenduski, J. 2005. ‘Introduction: state feminism and the political representation of women’, in Lovenduski, J. et al (eds) State Feminism and Political Representation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-19. Matland, R. 1998. ‘Enhancing Women’s Political Participation: Legislative Recruitment and Electoral Systems’, in A. Karam (ed.) Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, Stockholm: International IDEA, pp. 65–88. McDonagh, E. 2002. ‘Political Citizenship and Democratization: The Gender Paradox’, American Political Science Review, 96, 3: 535–52. Norris, P. 1987. Politics and Sexual Equality: The Comparative Position of Women in Western Democracies, Boulder: Lynne Rienner. Phillips, A. 1995. The Politics of Presence: The Political Representation of Gender, Ethnicity and Race, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Royo, S. 2002. A New Century of Corporatism?: Corporatism in Southern Europe, Westport: Praeger. Rule, W. 1981. ‘The Critical Contextual Factors in Women’s Legislative Recruitment’, Western Political Quarterly, 34: 60–77. Rule, W. 1987. ‘Electoral Systems, Contextual Factors and Women’s Opportunity for Elections to Parliament in Twenty-three Democracies’, The Western Political Quarterly, 40, 3: 477–98. Sainsbury, D. 1996. Gender, Equality and Welfare States, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Schmitter, P. 1979. ‘Still the century of corporatism?’, in P. Schmitter and G. Lembruch (eds) Trends towards corporatist intermediation, London: Sage. Sgier, L. ‘Political Representation and Gender Quotas’, paper presented at the European Consortium of Politics Research, Joint Sessions of Workshops, Edinburgh, March–April 2003. Skjeie, H. 2001. ‘Quotas, Parity and the Discursive Dangers of Difference’ in C.S. Maier and J. Klausen (eds) Has Liberalism Failed Women? Assuring Equal Representation in Europe and in the United States, New York: Palgrave, pp. 165–76. 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